Welding data adquisition based on FPGA

This paper presents the use of FPGA in data acquisition and digital preprocessing of the electric current signal of resistance welding stations. This work demonstrates that electric current has enough information to classify this kind of welds in mass production industries. Parameters extracted with the FPGA excite a classifier that accept o reject the welding junction. This system has been developed using a neural classifier and installed in a welding station of General Motors in Cádiz (Spain). Results confirm the validity of this novel approach

¿Cómo influye la riqueza genética de los abetos pirenaicos en su respuesta al cambio climático?

Noticia publicada por la Agencia Sinc: El Servicio de Información y Noticias Científicas (SINC) es la primera agencia pública de ámbito estatal especializada en información sobre ciencia, tecnología e innovación en español. En la página web de iAguaUn estudio demuestra que los abetares más antiguos son más tolerantes a condiciones de aumento de temperatura y disminución de precipitación. El mantenimiento de la diversidad ayuda a los expertos a contar con individuos adaptados, idóneos en las restauraciones, que eviten el decaimiento de la especie.N

Genes y edad de los abetos pirenaicos, claves en su respuesta al cambio climático

Noticial en el Blog de la Web Fundación Descubre: Fundación Andaluza para la Divulgación de la Innovación y el ConocimientoUn estudio demuestra que los abetares más antiguos son más tolerantes a condiciones de aumento de temperatura y disminución de precipitación. El mantenimiento de la diversidad ayuda a los expertos a contar con individuos adaptados, idóneos en las restauraciones, que eviten el decaimiento de la especie.Peer reviewe

A combination of invasive and non-invasive techniques for the study of the palette and painting structure of a copy of Raphael’s Transfguration of Christ

We thank the owner of the painting Mr. F. Fernandez Fábregas and the research group FQM-338 (University of Granada) for letting us use its facilities. We also thank Maria José Campos for the preparation of the cross-section samplesAll the authors belong to the research team Unit of Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques Unit (University of Granada, Spain) funded by EQC2018-004952-P and A‐HUM‐164‐UGR18 Projects, currently active. All the authors read and approved the fnal manuscript. EM: Professor of Analytical Chemistry applied under Cultural heritage at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the examination of the Transfguration of Christ, using photography, SEM–EDX, and performed the µRS and µATR-FTIR analyses; and contributed to the interpretation of the datasets, contextualization of data, and writing of the manuscript. RB: Full Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the examination of the painting, sampling, contextualization of the painting, elaboration of tables and fgures, contextualization of data, and participated in the interpretation of the datasets. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. JDM-R: Professor of Mineralogy at the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology of the University of Granada, Spain. The author provided the interpretation of the mineralogical data. GCh: Professor of Mineralogy Applied under Cultural Herit‑ age at the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Torino, Italy, Chief Scientist at the Getty Conservation Institute in Los Angeles, CA (director of the Science department for 11 years). The author works now as a freelance con‑ sultant in the feld of Conservation of Cultural heritage. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. PS: Scientist at the SETI Institute and founder of eXaminart LLC. The author develops miniature X-ray analytical instruments for Space exploration ((e.g. the NASA CheMin XRD instrument inside the Curiosity Mars rover) and portable instruments dedicated to cultural heritage. The author contributed to the examination of the Transfguration of Christ, using pXRD. The author read and approved the fnal manuscript. JLV: Full Profes‑ sor of Analytical Chemistry at the Department of Analytical chemistry of the University of Granada, Spain. The author contributed to the Transfguration of Christ, using photography, SEM–EDX; contributed to the interpretation of the datasets, the contextualization and revision of data. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript.The main objective of this study is to establish an appropriate method for the characterization of the pigments, materials and structure of the paint layers in a copy of the painting the Transfiguration of Christ by Raffaello Sanzio. A multi-technique approach that combines elemental, molecular and structural analyses and involves optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), mu-Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed (mu ATR-FTIR), mu-Raman spectrometry (mu RS) and non-invasive portable diffractometer (pXRD) was used. Our results revealed that this copy of the Transfiguration was executed with a palette, which includes white lead (cerussite and hydrocerussite), lazurite from lapis lazuli pigment, red and yellow earths (goethite, hematite and lepidocrocite), lead tin yellow, cinnabar, red lake, smalt and bone black, and fillers such as calcite, baryte (an impurity associated to some pigments), and traces of colorless powdered glass. A secondary objective of this research was the application of non-invasive in situ pXRD measurements, which do not require painting sampling and helped to confirm some inconclusive results obtained with other techniques regarding the artist's palette. The results showed the crystalline nature of all the pigments identified, which were known from ancient times and available during the 16th and 17th. Lastly, the used of C-14 accelerator mass spectrometry determined that the canvas date was 1451-1633 AD (with a 95% confidence level). Although the main focus of the work was to improve the analytical methodology to better understand the artist's palette, our results will further help us to explore the authorship of the copy or the school that executed it.Non-Invasive Analytical Techniques Unit EQC2018-004952-PProyecto de investigación FEDER / Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento / A ‐ HUM ‐ 164 ‐ UGR18

Non-Invasive Study of the Pigments of a Painting on Copper with the Inscription “Boceto di Pablo Veronese” on the Back

The palette used on a small painting on copper support, with the inscription “Boceto di Pablo Veronese” on the back, was characterized. Non-invasive techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and hand-held X-ray fluorescence (XRF) were proven to be highly effective for this. The objectives of the proposed work were twofold. On the one hand, the objective was the study, in situ, of the pigments of a painting on a copper support. On the other hand, it was to enrich the literature related to the study of paintings on metal supports, since few related studies are available despite the relatively large number of such 16th and 17th century paintings from Italy and Northern Europe. The results of the analysis showed a copper support with a base layer of gypsum mixed with ochre earths. Atop this layer is a sketch with lead white in the lighter areas and bone black in the darker shadow areas, suggesting that the artist performed a preliminary study of the luminosity of the scene. Finally, the upper or pictorial layer consists of a mix of pigments with some lead white to lower saturation and increase lightness, particularly evident in the flesh tones. The resulting palette thus includes lead white, vermilion, bone black, Naples yellow, and lazurite pigments. These results are compared to Veronese’s other paintings, as well as to those of certain contemporary artists, and the use of the resulting pigments in 16th and 17th century Italian painting techniques is discussedProject FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento/A-HUM-164-UGR18Research group FQM-338Analytical Techniques Unit EQC2018-004952-

Gerencia de proyectos ambientales educativos

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of the development of environmental projects in the educational system. The study was based on the theoretical contributions of Burgwal (2005), Cerda (2007), Serna (2008), Tobasura and Sepúlveda (2001), among others. Method: The study was analytical, descriptive and non-experimental, in its design it was descriptive and field cross-sectional. Results: Among the results, it stands out that the respondents revealed differences in the detection of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats. In addition, the guidelines developed form three operational ideas that relate to the aspects of definition, distribution and allocation of resources. Conclusion: By diagnosing the current state of the management of environmental programs, it is possible to determine the institutional interest in said programs and the availability of human capital, as well as the commitment of the State. This has not been effectively implemented in the problem identification process. When characterizing the managerial orientation, the interests of the person in charge are moderately directed and directed. In the description of the organizational arrangement, the realities of educational institutions appear at a low level, because the resource mobilization process is identified. When identifying different types of commitments, it became clear that the project implementation and evaluation process did not receive the necessary support at a higher level.Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la gestión del desarrollo de proyectos ambientales en el sistema educativo. El estudio se basó en las aportaciones teóricas de Burgwal (2005), Cerda (2007), Serna (2008), Tobasura y Sepúlveda (2001), entre otros. Método: El estudio fue analítico, descriptivo y no experimental, en su diseño fue transversal descriptivo y de campo. Resultados: Entre los resultados, se destaca que los encuestados revelaron diferencias en la detección de fortalezas y debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas. Además, las pautas desarrolladas forman tres ideas operativas que se relacionan con los aspectos de definición, distribución y asignación de recursos. Conclusión: Al diagnosticar el estado actual de la gestión de programas ambientales, se puede determinar el interés institucional en dichos programas y la disponibilidad de capital humano, así como el compromiso del Estado. Esto no ha sido implementado efectivamente en el proceso de identificación de problemas. Al caracterizar la orientación gerencial, los intereses del responsable son moderadamente dirigidos y dirigidos. En la descripción del arreglo organizacional, las realidades de las instituciones educativas aparecen en un nivel bajo, porque se identifica el proceso de movilización de recursos. A la hora de identificar diferentes tipos de compromisos, quedó claro que el proceso de ejecución y evaluación de proyectos no recibió el apoyo necesario a un nivel superior

Circuito ASIC para enlaces rápidos de comunicaciones por fibra óptica

El circuito integrado que aquí se describe ha sido diseñado con tecnología puramente digital, y tiene como función servir de interfase entre 8 enlaces rápidos de comunicaciones por fibra óptica y un procesador local que utiliza protocolo VME. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del programa GAME y ha sido desarrollado en colaboración con la empresa SAINCO

Differences in n-type doping efficiency between Al- and Ga-ZnO films

A careful and wide comparison between Al and Ga as substitutional dopants in the ZnO wurtzite structure is presented. Both cations behave as n-type dopants and their inclusion improves the optical and electrical properties of the ZnO matrix, making it more transparent in the visible range and rising up its electrical conductivity. However, the same dopant/Zn ratio leads to a very different doping efficiency when comparing Al and Ga, being the Ga cation a more effective dopant of the ZnO film. The measured differences between Al- and Ga-doped films are explained with the hypothesis that different quantities of these dopant cations are able to enter substitutionally in the ZnO matrix. Ga cations seem to behave as perfect substitutional dopants, while Al cation might occupy either substitutional or interstitial sites. Moreover, the subsequent charge balance after doping appear to be related with the formation of different intrinsic defects that depends on the dopant cation. The knowledge of the doped-ZnO films microstructure is a crucial step to optimize the deposition of transparent conducting electrodes for solar cells, displays, and other photoelectronic devices.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación TEC2007-60996, MAT2008-06858-C02-02, MAT2008- 06330, TEC2010-16700FUNCOAT CSD2008-00023- CONSOLIDER INGENIOSonderforschungsbereich SFB 76

Global monitoring of soil multifunctionality in drylands using satellite imagery and field data

Models derived from satellite image data are needed to monitor the status of terrestrial ecosystems across large spatial scales. However, a remote sensing-based approach to quantify soil multifunctionality at the global scale is missing despite significant research efforts on this topic. A major constraint for doing so is the availability of suitable global-scale field data to calibrate remote sensing indicators (RSI) and, to a lesser extent, the sensitivity of spectral data of available satellite sensors to soil background and atmospheric conditions. Here, we aimed to develop a soil multifunctionality model to monitor global drylands coupling ground data on 14 soil functions of 222 dryland areas from six continents to 18 RSI derived from a time series (2006–2013) Landsat dataset. Among the RSI evaluated, the chlorophyll absorption ratio index was the best predictor of soil multifunctionality in single-variable-based models (r = 0.66, P < 0.01, NMRSE = 0.17). However, a multi-variable RSI model combining the chlorophyll absorption ratio index, the global environment monitoring index and the canopy-air temperature difference improved the accuracy of quantifying soil multifunctionality (r = 0.73, P < 0.01, NMRSE = 0.15). Furthermore, the correlation between RSI and soil variables shows a wide range of accuracy with upper and lower values obtained for AMI (r = 0.889, NMRSE = 0.05) and BGL (r = 0.685, NMRSE = 0.18) respectively. Our results provide new insights on assessing soil multifunctionality using RSI that may help to monitor temporal changes in the functioning of global drylands effectively.Field data were obtained with the support of the European Research Council (ERC) grant agreement 242658 (BIOCOM). Hernández-Clemente R was supported by the Ramón y Cajal program (RYC2020-029187-I) and the State Plan for Scientific and Subprogram for Knowledge Generation (PID2021-124058OA-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2020-029187-I). Maestre FT acknowledges support from Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (EUR2022-134048)

Unmixing and pigment identification using visible and short-wavelength infrared: Reflectance vs logarithm reflectance hyperspaces

Hyperspectral imaging has recently consolidated as a useful technique for pigment mapping and identification, although it is commonly supported by additional non-invasive analytical methods. Since it is relatively rare to find pure pigments in aged paintings, spectral unmixing can be helpful in facilitating pigment identification if suitable mixing models and endmember extraction procedures are chosen. In this study, a subtractive mixing model is assumed, and two approaches are compared for endmember extraction: one based on a linear mixture model, and the other, nonlinear and Deep-Learning based. Two spectral hyperspaces are used: the spectral reflectance (R hyperspace) and the -log(R) hyperspace, for which the subtractive model becomes additive. The performance of unmixing is evaluated by the similarity of the estimated reflectance to the measured data, and pigment identification accuracy. Two spectral ranges (400 to 1000 nm and 900 to 1700 nm) and two objects (a laboratory sample and an aged painting, both on copper) are tested. The main conclusion is that unmixing in the -log(R) hyperspace with a linear mixing model is better than for the non-linear model in R hyperspace, and that pigment identification is generally better in R hyperspace, improving by merging the results in both spectral ranges.MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” [grant number PID2021-124446NB-100]Ministry of Universities (Spain) [grant number FPU2020-05532